1838. Even British naval power was no match for the Mughals, Marathas, Portuguese, and Dutch, all of whom had interests in the region. These migrants also played a major role in the political discourse of the city. [73] The Treaty of Westminster concluded between England and the Netherlands in 1674, relieved the British settlements in Bombay of further apprehension from the Dutch. [163] In the 1955 Lok Sabha discussions, when Bombay State was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. However, the population of Bombay was An important reformer was Mary Carpenter, who wrote factory laws that exemplified Victorian modernization theory of the modern, regulated factory as vehicle of pedagogy and civilizational uplift. Population growth would begin to increase in the 1920s, as a result of falling mortality. 1801 - Siddhivinayak temple built at Prabhadevi. In November 1664, Shipman's successor Humphrey Cooke agreed to accept Bombay without its dependencies. [79] After a payment made by the British to Aurangzeb, the ruler of the Mughal Empire, Yakut evacuated Bombay on 8 June 1690. [4] The present day city was built on what was originally an archipelago of seven islands of Mumbai Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba). The city's infrastructure was improved considerably with the construction of new highways and bridges, expansion of port facilities, and the inauguration of new public-transit systems. [90] The British occupied Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja on 28 December 1774. When cotton exports from the USA were interrupted by the Civil War, Bombay Instructions for Contributors at Cambridge Journals Online. [citation needed] Later, between the 2nd century BCE and 10th . [146] Lord Willingdon convened the Provincial War Conference at Bombay on 10 June 1918, whose objective was to seek the co-operation of the people in the World War I measures which the British Government thought it necessary to take in the Bombay Presidency. Bhima of Mahikavati established a small kingdom in the area during the late 13th century, and brought settlers. [2] After India's independence in 1947, the territory of Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. [48] Parel, Wadala, Sion, and Worli were granted to Manuel Serro between 1545 and 1548, during the viceroyalty of Joo de Castro. By 1900, that percentage had increased to 39.7, and kept growing. [26] He belonged to either the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri in Maharashtra or the Anahilavada dynasty of Gujarat. [14] After the end of the Satavahana rule in 250 CE, the Abhiras of Western Maharashtra and Vakatakas of Vidarbha held dominion over the islands. The University of Bombay was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857. Mumbai in 1888. [30] For the administration of the islands, he appointed a governor for Mahim. The old wall Overcrowding, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and widespread poverty, however, remained major ongoing problems. The city was built by the joining together of many islands, a process that was more or less completed by the first half of the century. the development of Mahim and Bandra had to wait another half a century. In 1885 the first session of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party; a focus of both pro-Indian and anti-British sentiment until independence) was held in the city, where subsequently, at its 1942 session, the Congress Party passed the Quit India resolution, which demanded complete independence for India. [84] By the middle of the eighteenth century, Bombay began to grow into a major trading town and soon Bhandaris from Chaul in Maharashtra, Vanjaris from the Western Ghat mountain ranges of Maharashtra, Africans from Madagascar, Bhatias from Rajasthan, Vaishya Vanis, Goud Saraswat Brahmins, Daivajnas from konkan, ironsmiths and weavers from Gujarat migrated to the islands. The next step was the completion of the Sion Causeway in [98] The construction of the Sion Causeway was completed in 1802 by Governor Jonathan Duncan. [105] In 1836, the Chamber of Commerce was established. On 6 December 2002, a bomb placed under a seat of an empty BEST (Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport) bus exploded near Ghatkopar station in Mumbai. A few years later the city changed its name to Mumbai, the Marathi name for the city. [35] The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Mahim, built in honour the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431. Dan Ives of Wedbush Securities, an investment firm . DOUGLAS E. HAYNES. Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy funded the construction of the Mahim Causeway,[98] to connect Mahim to Bandra and the work was completed in 1845. Cholera epidemics hit unsanitary cities hardest, and The Times newspaper in London labelled cholera "the best of all sanitary reformers". [147] Bombay was the main centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha movement started by Mahatma Gandhi from February April 1919. record about 30 British deaths, several from outside of the city. [55] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family. [citation needed]. their villages. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of Mecca and Basra. This road, which was opened on 10 November 1830, facilitated trade in a large measure. 2 19th century. The pioneering work of Solow (1957) and Abramovitz (1956) both suggested that expansion in labor and capital accounted for no more than 15% of total growth in US output per head between the middle of the 19th century and the 1950s. [189] On 27 January 2003, a bomb placed on a bicycle exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai. The British colonialism in India lasted for about 190 years, beginning in 1757 and ended with India's independence in 1947. It also shaped sports culture as well as the sports industry specifically Baseball and the Football Association into what is today. This review examines three books major on the history of Bombay. It was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then Governor-General of India, C. During the last half of the late 19th century, Chicago proved to be the fastest growing city in the world. Modelled after army Economic and Political Weekly The 20th century began with a damage limitation exercise. [58] The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585, and built Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho (Our Lady of Good Counsel) at Sion and Nossa Senhora de Salvao (Our Lady of Salvation) at Dadar in 1596. then started, a process that continues till today. [198] In 2008, the city experienced xenophobic attacks by the activists of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) under Raj Thackeray on the North Indian migrants in Mumbai. ", Kooiman, Dick. Already There were restrictions on the hours of children and women. Mumbai continued to grow and prosper in the 21st century, in large part because of advances in the technology sector. of Marathi speaking migrants from the ghats, adding yet another flavour to [136] In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week. [67] The Bank of Bombay, the oldest bank in the city, was established in 1840,[106] and the Bank of Western India in 1842. Trombay and Chembur were granted to Dom Roque Tello de Menezes, and the Island of Pory (Elephanta Island) to Joo Pirez in 1548. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. [164] But the States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bi-lingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Bombay as its capital. He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Canara and died there in October 1664. In Mumbai, there were three or four of these tribes. [128] Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) using the 75th east meridian. Abstract. He was the first person to build [156] With World War II, the movements of thousands of troops, military and industrial goods and the fleet of the Royal Indian Navy made Bombay an important military base for the battles being fought in West Asia and South East Asia. From 1857, [148], Following World War I, which saw large movement of India troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the Non-cooperation movement from 1920 to 1922. The Municipal Corporation limits were extended up to Jogeshwari along the Western Railway and Bhandup along the Central Railway. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. many islands, a process that was in this century. the rooms were often occupied by several people. Vile Parle was the headquarters of the movement[153] in Bombay under Jamnalal Bajaj. By Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. 1857 marks a watershed in Indian history. 1890. [82] In 1728, a Mayor's court was established in Bombay and the first reclamation was started which was a temporary work in Mahalaxmi, on the creek separating Bombay from Worli. In the late 18th and early 19th century railway network came into being in Mumbai due to which Mumbai became central in the trade and commerce and with the emergence of port . A Judge-Advocate was appointed for the purpose of civil administration. Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy donated the entire sum of money required to join specially during the American Civil War (1861-65), created a pool of wealth, not only [152] In the early 1930s, the nationwide Civil disobedience movement against the British Salt tax spread to Bombay. the Deccan to the British power, improved communications between Bombay This work was completed in 1845, but [145] The Bombay Chronicle started by Pherozeshah Mehta, the leader of the Indian National Congress, in 1910, played an important role in the national movement until India's Independence. residents moving out of the central fort area. that the cotton boom was bringing in. [170] In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed. 75 people were killed and 350 were injured. [37] During 14911494, the islands suffered sea piracies from Bahadur Khan Gilani, a nobleman of the Bahamani Sultanate. [133] The Victoria Terminus of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888. It was part of Ashokas empire in the 3rd century bce, and in the 2nd century ce it was known as Heptanesia to Ptolemy, the ancient Egyptian astronomer and geographer of Greek descent. [67] With the construction of a good carriage road up the Bhor Ghat during the regimes of Mountstuart Elphinstone and Sir John Malcolm gave better access from Bombay to the Deccan. This began the process of wealthy The first War of Independence the Castella de Aguada (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at Bandra in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking the Mahim Bay, the Arabian Sea and the southern island of Mahim. [115] The Commercial Bank, the Chartered Mercantile, the Agra and United Service, the Chartered and the Central Bank of Western India were established in Bombay attracting a considerable industrial population. During the reign of Ahmad Shah I (14111443), Malik-us-Sharq was appointed governor of Mahim, and in addition to instituting a proper survey of the islands, he improved the existing revenue system of the islands. important part of the city's industry. In the latter part of the 19th century, many cotton spinning and weaving mills also came up in Bombay. Those protests led to the states partition into the modern states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960, and Bombay was made the capital of Maharashtra that year. [55] By 1710, the construction of Bombay Castle was finished, which fortified the islands from sea attacks by European pirates and the Marathas. 10 people were killed and 70 were injured. Forjett had the alleged ring-leaders blown from cannon on that day. [67] Fortifications were built around Bombay Castle. communication, in turn, fed commerce through the port of Bombay. the major problems of the developing city. Growth of a city - Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other city of India in the 19th and 20th centuries TIPS Trace the growth of the chosen city from 17th century onwards Reasons for its growth and importance New administrative set up like municipalities, railway stations, post offices Change in population pattern [73] On 20 February 1673, Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India attacked Bombay, but the attack was resisted by Aungier. It specialises in the longer monographic essay based on archival materials and new field work. 1880s. [5] After a series of attacks by the Gujarat Sultanate, the islands were recaptured by Sultan Bahadur Shah. the It spanned an area of 235.1km2 (90.77sqmi) and inhabited 2,339,000 of people in 1951. [177] The Great Bombay Textile Strike was called on 18 January 1982 by trade union leader Dutta Samant, where nearly 250,000 workers and more than 50 textile mills in Bombay went on strike. Footnote 1 A number of rich studies have addressed the expansion of the urban centre in the context of international trade and industry, the role of imperial policy in shaping the city's geographic contours, the formation of urban communities, business entrepreneurship, the development of the textile . Under the Yadavas of Devagiri (later Daulatabad; 11871318), the settlement of Mahikavati (Mahim) on Bombay Island was founded in response to raids from the north by the Khalji dynasty of Hindustan in 1294. 2014 Cambridge University Press Since the early 1900s, the city has also the home base of the Bollywood film industry. exposure of non-Western elites to an intellectual repertoire that facilitated challenges to colonialism. [86] Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia, a member of the Wadia family of shipwrights and naval architects from Surat, built the Bombay Dock in 1750,[87] which was the first dry dock to be commissioned in Asia. workers began to migrate to Bombay, and each room in a chawl would have The goods were subjected to Maratha regulations with respect to taxes and a 30% toll was levied on all goods into the city from Salsette. The last British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry, passed through the arcade of the Gateway of India in Bombay on 28 February 1948,[160] ending the 282-year-long period of the British in Bombay . Every floor contained rooms, [17] The Elephanta Caves also dates back to the sixth century. [citation needed] Later, between the 2nd century BCE and 10th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive indigenous dynasties: the Satavahanas, Abhiras, Vakatakas, Kalachuris, Konkan Mauryas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Silharas& Chollas. [citation needed] The Kolis and Aagri (a Marathi-Konkani people)[1] were the earliest known settlers of the islands. a bungalow for himself on Malabar Hill. The movement was started as a result of the Rowlatt Act, which indefinitely extended emergency measures during World War I in order to control public unrest. Welgos/Getty Images. [18] Christianity arrived in the islands during the sixth century, when the Nestorian Church made its presence in India. [32], In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at Bassein. The blasts occurred at the Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar,[202] which left 26 killed, and 130 injured. [67], In 1838, the islands of Colaba and Little Colaba were connected to Bombay by the Colaba Causeway. The city was ruled in the 6th8th century by the Chalukyas, who left their mark on Elephanta Island (Gharapuri). of the town, razing many localities. [63] On 21 September 1668, the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668, led to the transfer of Bombay from Charles II to the English East India Company for an annual rent of 10 (equivalent retail price index of 1,226 in 2007) or Indian Rs 1,48,000 today. railways in India. The crown ceded it to the East India Company in 1668. Discover how Mumbai's past sovereignty issues have shaped it into a dominant trade and travel hub, siege of several sites in the city in late November 2008. The Bombay metro area faced some unfortunate events like the inter-communal riots of 199293, while the 1993 Mumbai bombings caused extensive loss of life and property. [56], The annexation of Portugal by Spain in 1580 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India. As a result of Mumbai's 18th- and 19th-century history as a trading, commercial and manufacturing hub, the population of the city had swollen hugely as migrants from swathes of India's countryside arrived to find work. Under the British, the city had served as the capital of Bombay Presidency (administrative province), and during the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was a centre of both Indian nationalist and South Asian regional political activity. In the 1960s and 1970s, Shiv Sena fought for rights of native Marathis. East India Company; after the war it reverted to the Crown. This resulted in a large influx of traders, artisans, merhcants and labourers into the city. The line was inaugurated on April 6, 1853. Further tectonic activity in the region led to the formation of hilly islands separated by a shallow sea. barracks, each building had three floors. Tata pioneered civil aviation in Bombay by flying a plane from Karachi to Bombay. [197] According to Mumbai Police, the bombings were carried out by Lashkar-e-Toiba and Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI). [13] The islands were known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150CE. [93], In 1782, William Hornby assumed the office of Governor of Bombay, and initiated the Hornby Vellard engineering project of uniting the seven islands into a single landmass. The Wellington Pier (Apollo Bunder) in the north of Colaba was opened for passenger traffic in 1819 and the Elphinstone High School was established in 1822. With the destruction of Maratha power, trade and communications to the mainland were established, existing connections to Europe were extended, and Bombay began to prosper. By Mariam Dossal. In the 19th century, trade unionism was mainly a movement of skilled workers. The sea has risen 21 centimetres since the records began in 1880 . into rebuilding the core of the town into a grand showpiece. From farm to city Bombay was hardly affected. [46] Bassein and the seven islands were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha, Viceroy of Portuguese India, on 25 October 1535, ending the Islamic rule in Mumbai. [167] Flora Fountain was renamed Hutatma Chowk ("Martyr's Square") as a memorial to the Samyukta Maharashtra movement. Their religious practices could be summed up as animism. [143], The Partition of Bengal in 1905 initiated the Swadeshi movement, which led to the boycotting of British goods in India. Under this agreement, the can now only be seen as part of the boundary wall of St. George Hospital, In the second half of the 19th century, a large textile industry grew up in the city and surrounding towns, operated by Indian entrepreneurs. [11] The port of Sopara (present-day Nala Sopara) was an important trading centre during the first century BCE,[12] with trade contacts with Rome. It is 25.4% less than in comparison to the 1965 to 1992, but the total. Historian Paul Moon has looked in depth at the development of Auckland over the 10 decades from 1900, drawing on diaries, newspapers and oral histories of the time. The city was a centre of maritime trade with Persia and Egypt in 1000 bce. The first institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year 1886. near the Victoria Terminus. He implemented Aungier's plans for the fortification of the island, and had walls built from Dongri in the north to Mendham's point in the south. [181] A series of 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions took place in Bombay on 12 March 1993, which resulted in 257 deaths and 700 injuries. [97] The construction of the Sion Causeway (Duncan Causeway) commenced in 1798. Technological change has played a central role in US economic growth since the 19th century. Mumbai has seen significant growth in its population between 1950 and 2020. Mumbai's population exceeds 12.4 million, with another 8 million living in the greater metropolitan area; this total of more than 20 million ranks Mumbai's metropolitan population as the fourth highest in the world. [74] On 10 October 1673, the Siddi admiral Sambal entered Bombay and destroyed the Pen and Nagothana rivers, which were very important for the English and the Maratha King Shivaji. increase in the number of mills. [187], During the 21st century, the city suffered several bombings. [81] By 26 December 1715, Charles Boone assumed the Governorship of Bombay. [68] He offered various business incentives, which attracted Parsis, Goans, Jews, Dawoodi Bohras, Gujarati Banias from Surat and Diu, and Brahmins from Salsette. 3 Two books that helped precipitate the reassessment are Thomas Rawski, Economic Growth in Prewar China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), and Loren Brandt, Commercialization and Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern China: 1870s-1930s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). [94] In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed. [33] On Rai Qutb's death in 14291430, Ahmad Shah I Wali of the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan captured Salsette and Mahim. by an Act of the British Parliament. He was the first to realise that the Fort walls were now superfluous, In 1812 an Ordinance was promulgated which, among by the joining together of Avabai, Lady [102] The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers. This volcanic activity resulted in the formation of basaltic outcrops, such as the Gilbert Hill, that are seen at various locations in the city. [11], The islands were under Muslim rule from 1348 to 1391. At first, compared with Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Madras (now Chennai), Bombayas it was called by the Britishwas not a great asset to the company but merely helped it keep a toehold on the west coast. [69] He also planned extensive fortifications in the city from Dongri in the north to Mendham's Point (near present-day Lion Gate) in the south. built by the government. [142] The cotton mill industry was adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague. Later, Cooke managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala for the English. After the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1391, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions [25] He built the first Babulnath temple in the region and introduced many fruit-bearing trees, including coconut palms to the islands. [161], After the Partition of India on 15 August 1947, over 100,000 Sindhi refugees from the newly created Pakistan were relocated in the military camps five kilometres from Kalyan in the Maharashta Region. In the year to March, Apple's revenues in India were almost $6bn, an increase of nearly 50% on a year earlier, according to Bloomberg. Eleven million people migrated from rural to urban areas between 1870 and 1920, and a majority of the twenty-five million immigrants who came to the United States in these same years moved into the nation's cities. However, the Samyukta Maharashtra movement opposed this, and insisted that Bombay native of Marathi be declared the capital of Maharashtra. John, Lord Elphinstone. The needs of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe greatly contributed to the (1) growth of overseas empires (2) beginning of the triangular trade (3) development of international peacekeeping organizations (4) promotion of political and economic equality in Asia and Africa Click the card to flip 1 Click the card to flip 1 / 39 blow up the town during the festival of Diwali. The Dutch arrived first, closely followed by the British. [158] The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 18 February 1946 in Bombay marked the first and most serious revolt by the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy against British rule. After his death in 1303, he was succeeded by his son Pratapbimba, who built his capital at Marol in Salsette, which he named Pratappur. the From the late 19th to early 20th centuries . . commemorative tablet in the gardens of the The blast occurred a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings. In 1849 the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railways was incorporated In 1960, following protests from the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, the city was incorporated into the newly created Maharashtra state from Bombay state. The decisive battle For more than five decades EPW has remained a unique forum that week after week has brought together academics, researchers, policy makers, independent thinkers, members of non-governmental organisations and political activists for debates straddling economics, politics, sociology, culture, the environment and numerous other disciplines. During the 19th century, religious superstitions and social . in the Company militia revolted. The islands were wrested from Pratapbimba's control by Mubarak Khan, a self-proclaimed regent of the Khalji dynasty, who occupied Mahim and Salsette in 1318. First published in 1949 as the Economic Weekly and since 1966 as the Economic and Political Weekly, EPW, as the journal is popularly known, occupies a special place in the intellectual history of independent India. [171] During the 1970 there were Bombay-Bhiwandi riots. Before the War of Independence, India was The First Indian The decay of Mughal power in Delhi, the Mughal-Maratha rivalries, and the instability in Gujarat drove artisans and merchants to the islands for refuge, and Bombay began to grow. [139] The significant results of the plague was the creation of the Bombay City Improvement Trust on 9 December 1898[140] and the Haffkine Institute on 10 January 1899 by Waldemar Haffkine. [31] It was reconquered by Rai Qutb of the Gujarat Sultanate. [195] 209 people were killed[196] and over 700 were injured. [citation needed] During the English East India Company's rule in mid-18th century, it emerged as an important port city, having maritime trade contacts with Mecca, Basra etc. [126] Bombay Time, one of the two official time zones in British India, was established in 1884[127] during the International Meridian Conference held at Washington, D.C in the United States.