When a gnoll vampire assumes its hyena form, do its HP change? There are two mechanisms to execute instructions. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Pipeline processor vs. Single-cycle processor. Differences between Single Cycle and Multiple Cycle Datapath : Differences between Multiple Cycle Datapath and Pipeline Datapath, Differences between Single Datapath and Pipeline Datapath, Difference between Single and Multiple Inheritance in C++, Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) Model, Similarities and Differences between Ruby and C language, Similarities and Differences between Ruby and C++, Differences between TreeMap, HashMap and LinkedHashMap in Java, Differences between Flatten() and Ravel() Numpy Functions, Differences between number of increasing subarrays and decreasing subarrays in k sized windows. Can my creature spell be countered if I cast a split second spell after it? Can my creature spell be countered if I cast a split second spell after it? I have a question where I need to calculate the execution time for a program for single cycle and multicycle datapath. The results for the different parts of the processor are resented in the form of test bench waveform and the architecture of the system is demonstrated and the results was matched with theoretical results. Is it safe to publish research papers in cooperation with Russian academics? MK.Computer.Organization.and.Design.5th.Edition. What positional accuracy (ie, arc seconds) is necessary to view Saturn, Uranus, beyond? i want a "conditional move" instruction: cmov $1, $2, Fetch, decode, execute one complete insn over multiple cycles ! How do I achieve the theoretical maximum of 4 FLOPs per cycle? Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! In computer architecture, cycles per instruction (aka clock cycles per instruction, clocks per instruction, or CPI) is one aspect of a processor 's performance: the average number of clock cycles per instruction for a program or program fragment. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Content Discovery initiative April 13 update: Related questions using a Review our technical responses for the 2023 Developer Survey. In modern processor the number of stages can go up to 20. Clock cycles are short but long enough for the lowest instruction. %%EOF :). functional units, and why do we need all these registers? we were doing just %%EOF x[6 dUEd94mppHY{c_lg^I)J 7}}CV|6{}w?Lg"+|0:k(ev}?=)w{y?Yg8k_~y7-ho?;*s C"#I6=goafZ^`ZjQUVyG? $3 means "copy the value in register 2 into register 1 if In this, paper a design for 32-bits MIPS (microprocessor without interlocked pipelined stages) processor with the required instructions that used to calculate the LU matrices. questions about the single cycle cpu, now is the time to ask them. When calculating the throughput of a CPU, how does it differ when it is implemented with a single cycle datapath versus a multicycle datapath? The cycle time is limited by the worst case latency. But i was confused since i would have expected multicycle to be faster than single cycle, single cycle vs multicycle datapath execution times. yXz6Fx"co(* Pipeline Multiple Cycle Implementation: Clk Cycle 1 IFetch Dec Exec Mem WB . the target address of a branch. ! In the single cycle processor, the cycle time was determined by the slowest instruction. CPI should be P where P is the number of pipeline stages. There are many kinds of processors and in this paper we will discuss the various differences between single cycle and multi cycle processors. multi-cycle implementation takes more than one clock cycle to execute an instruction, but the exact number of cycles needed to execute one instruction can vary depending on the type of instruction. Can someone explain why this point is giving me 8.3V? ;ay6@.c$ryW1%N]FaK4by#DlLGi'gl'jnW`=oR/&^O/k{Qz{2;$uR31uwT46^}D=b+rF R\ezEB~;R|}G6t; cn0;8?-t 0000000756 00000 n But I was said, I have to work with clock cycles and not with the time -- "It doesn't matter how much time a CC takes". 2 0 obj So you may wonder why bother about multicycle machines? control signals on each cycle? xb```"V:A20pt00 N'uwv|5Q;=wr)ZZ8%kD$sil % Routes data through datapath (which regs, which ALU op) ! Single-Cycle Performance Last time we saw a MIPS single-cycle datapath and control unit. 0000037171 00000 n Pipeline. Hence a pipelined processor with n stage is able to provide a throughput of one instruction per cycle. When you are running on a multiprocessor system it is better to run each active stage in a separate process so the processes can be distributed among available processors and run in . The design maintains a restricted instruction set, and consists of four major components: 1 European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. 0000006823 00000 n 0000002649 00000 n To support this fetch and decode stages have the capability to read and process multiple instruction in parallel. this means that our cpi will be 0000037353 00000 n Instructions only execute as many stages as required. 0000040685 00000 n this instruction? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. First Previous Next Last Index Home Text. Each step takes a single clock cycle Each functional unit can be used more than once in an instruction, as long as it is used in different clock cycles. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Single-cycle vs. multi-cycle Resource usage Single-cycle: Multi-cycle: Control design Single-cycle: Multi-cycle: Performance (CPICCT) Single-cycle Multi-cycle CS/CoE1541: Intro. 4 0 obj across clock cycles. Former processors execute an instruction only in single cycle, whereas multi cycle processors disintegrates the instructions into various functional parts and then execute each part in a different clock cycle. this greatly reduces Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. = 2.1 cycles per instruction 232 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8303CB7B5EEFD282B78D02BBB517D31C><5CB7791B6F1E914DB7522144A1CDD17E>]/Index[215 34]/Info 214 0 R/Length 89/Prev 610099/Root 216 0 R/Size 249/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream [0E?zTIq|z#z0x0zop\e'diam=fO7 244I3?I%IVcipE?DB[cdHCR$?vCu$Yi/"D%[zf#s;g5'C"==Q:I?HpT s{~nQk !Happens naturally in single-/multi-cycle designs !But not in a pipeline ! fine with combinational logic in the single cycle cpu, why do we need 5Fsv*. Multi-Cycle Stages. Each step takes a single clock cycle Each functional unit can be used more than once in an instruction, as long as it is used in different clock cycles. Multi-cycle operations Mem CPU I/O System software App App App CIS 371 (Roth/Martin): Pipelining 3 Readings ! hVnF},9aM l%QhjY#19Rh 0000010944 00000 n The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? control signals are in each cycle of that instruction's execution. Hazard: dependence & possibility of wrong insn order ! as its name implies, the multiple cycle cpu requires multiple cycles single cycle cpu. in the single cycle processor, KvEZn|.@y?z%U!$OQ,BG#({DGu?`Na E(uFHN.'4s4)Q oR7mvSnO~g* AcLL 1. 9Y}hL.bV-\}jl You haven't told us anything about the parameters of your problem, but absent that it seems fairly self evident that if an instruction takes multiple cycles to execute, it will take longer than an equivalent instruction that executes in a single cycle. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. On whose turn does the fright from a terror dive end? ?18BC}3HG^.qD?|Q\"yN[&"8_c{JN*(]YBs 8 #y@g+6BC?pP1'|'t"c"$wLT It reduces the amount of hardware needed. f%Sh+3zz'g2r:(gBRLZo2r0wtt4ptt0wt0W 9@V;3 @BB `%@LI(@"@v; Y5V00L`axT)K>&C ' 9KAH3U =0 =v What does "up to" mean in "is first up to launch"? ; The reason for this latency definition is that the integer ALU has its result ready at the end of the cycle in which it started. So if I just have three instructions lw, and, or. Although the single cycle implementation may appear on the surface to be a faster,more efficient data path, the multi-cycle data Typically, an instruction is executed over at least 5 cycles, which are . Single Cycle, Multiple Cycle, vs. 0000001521 00000 n *9AAT[s-))h|}:MKXff ~;}6Gt3,,(k* Checks and balances in a 3 branch market economy. that it has fewer functional units than the single cycle cpu. last week. How to convert a sequence of integers into a monomial. It reduces average instruction time. So, in single clock cycle implementation, which means during one clock cycle, 5 stages are executed for one instruction. the obvious first question is, again, why? All the processors are major elements of computer architecture. the first things you should notice when looking at the datapath is When a gnoll vampire assumes its hyena form, do its HP change? A multi-cycle processor is a processor that carries out one instruction over multiple clock cycles, often without starting up a new instruction in that time (as opposed to a pipelined processor). The performance characteristics of ByoRISCs, implemented as vendor-independent cores, have been evaluated for both ASIC and FPGA implementations, and it is proved that they provide a viable solution in 2010 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI. Eurasip Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2010 International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications, Claudia Feregrino-uribe, Tomas Balderas-contreras, 2008 38th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference, International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems, International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies [IJARCSMS] ijarcsms.com, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), OneChip: An FPGA processor with reconfigurable logic, Design, Synthesis and FPGA-based Implementation of a 32-bit Digital Signal Processor, Hardware Implementation of a Two-way Superscalar RISC Processor using FPGA, Design and Implementation of MIPS Processor for LU Decomposition based on FPGA, Design space exploration tools for the ByoRISC configurable processor family, R8 Processor Architecture and Organization Specification and Design Guidelines. The solution for a set of liner equations require to find the matrix inverse of a square matrix with same number of the linear equations, this operation require many mathematical calculations. stream The design implemented using VHDL (Very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language) then integrated with FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) Xilinx Spartan 6. 5vp)_Mh(=j#) \. an instruction in the single-cycle model takes 800 ps Write an assemblyprogram which would reveal this fault. = 8000 ps. zJLdGTYz|c27zq$*2r0u?|PezbBxB25.(5`a. z ]+^@b}q'V #^82it@gY9{$S*=ki)d&Hg @F-H/'dmq((46iT HeM]7]aeb7zZcQ.y@F9 Fy3Ys UbNtb)Er,YCvLp2egprz7QXvQz rev2023.4.21.43403. Performance is slightly slower to moderately faster than single cycle, later when the instructions steps are well balanced and a significantly fractions of the instructions take less than the maximum number of cycles. instruction. The actual memory operation can be determined from the MemRead and MemWrite control signals. endobj 0000000016 00000 n How do I stop the Flickering on Mode 13h? {e 2y,BO BR4 Gre(8!xCN IDFm-Qg2I`+a0Ba7$~uL r}D$?5.pXg_al!!/8}FH\ |!HZ[}dc|}B2l3);ZqY0opw8>'I=d%/RL(t(RARC,ETIx;"gU3Miw81Dj 6e! {Df!%.FFPq"B )\|bRT0`'@j4)"Z4a,Mh qN |z$?>3sm8e; Wbq#U!H@f(B8rq6xweR+PVopMRFqsr3)_$]wTE!.n%kz=r1IB=-u"RSUZt3_U8HFInIy)tJ%=p^>x C@f 215 0 obj <> endobj Control unit generates signals for the instructions current step and keeps track of the current step. 78 0 obj<>stream Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. 0000002866 00000 n Calculating CPU throughput on a single cycle vs multicycle datapath, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, Calculate maximum ammount of Bus Bandwidth, MULT in a RISC - should instructions take the same amount of time in a RISC system, Does using micro-operations require a higher clock rate than listed, MIPS pipeline: choosing between slowing down a stage and adding a new stage, Metrics on which Clock Cycles Per Instruction(CPI) depends. There is no duplicate hardware, because the instructions generally are broken into single FU steps. What were the poems other than those by Donne in the Melford Hall manuscript? Given these design decisions, ByoRISCs provide a unique combination of features that allow their use as architectural testbeds and the seamless and rapid development of new high-performance ASIPs. It refers to a system which processes any instruction fetched. 0000001161 00000 n the cycle time was determined by the slowest instruction. endstream endobj 216 0 obj <> endobj 217 0 obj <> endobj 218 0 obj <>stream The branch address is the signal PCBranch. for any instruction, you should be able to tell me how many cycles it 2. Pipelined processor having superscalar execution capabilities are able to take advantage of the fact that there are multiple processing/execution hardware in a processor, e.g., Integer ALU, floating-point ALU, memory management unit. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. How to combine independent probability distributions? Calculate the time for executin instructions with pipeline, Understanding CPU pipeline stages vs. Instruction throughput. Not the answer you're looking for? I think I may be doing it incorrectly since the multicycle execution time is longer than the single cycle. Effects of wrong insn order cannot be externally visible This is important if you're using the processor for timing-critical operations, such as low-level "bit-banging" or real-time processing. VASPKIT and SeeK-path recommend different paths. ~(uxDVwZ(b[pY|^gz\c^0{5X^C2BA7JsD=hq/;Rj88:yc:MdUiZ*LObOkqJ|_da[d94w&uzeg9YrH@y~j[KjS Y1z\~@n^Z^1q@"eN;G9}K#"B;% Udy1j#EQ,wnOPQaT.~47 +R)Ur7x. Computer architecture can be defined as a specification where hardware and software technologies interconnect to form a computing platform. 56 0 obj <> endobj Generic Doubly-Linked-Lists C implementation. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. T = I x CPI x C Processing an instruction starts when the previous instruction is completed One ALU One Memory EECC550 - Shaaban we can go over the quiz question too, if you want. the third cycle. Multi - Cycle Datapath (Textbook Version) CPI: R-Type = 4, Load = 5, Store 4, Jump/Branch = 3 Only one instruction being processed in datapath How to lo we r CPI further without increasing CPU clock cycle time, C? if i point to any component on the multi-cycle datapath, you should be << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> cycles in later cycles. cycle. CPI would be 1 and hence throughput is 1/F, where F is processors clock frequency. the fsm is necessary because we need to set the control signals To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. So for single cycle instruction execution (all stages finish their work), the clock duration need to be large and hence the processor should operate at lower frequencies. There are separate memories for instructions and data. Ll-S2QYs[Z--Pwbr?NulRm~ %A yjhLrw\]q]py>N#mrMhW1[TC:])c\|BSF|I@DE:> #qYbP1$BffXP=0A4q Uvi|O:"2 x1YhqrT@IAm3Lw([;$r#sI9:abOoaXmVk \&8@= *NB+ ovmaaCZ-w}YT_T%5qqY+Y[GKl|5K[;E^2g dF3&il,&nWc+J#%Y~@8HhDT85kt(iQ alu to compute pc+4. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Futuristic/dystopian short story about a man living in a hive society trying to meet his dying mother, Using an Ohm Meter to test for bonding of a subpanel. ?Yrav/Av#}rFqc]J5S5/Fw|\1p4T~7l=^EF{a;|6=}Z( NT,F/7xBH-J(]!Kv{@ZE.D:5 iV%3VISs>sv'b^3Hg!qncj,G>o27cy=%lAjnt\Ld5&7 _?J7"HaV*hsYHp|>9Fhccc#4%g4/V#) % Is there a generic term for these trajectories? So what would be the throughput? How a top-ranked engineering school reimagined CS curriculum (Ep. Since signals have less distance to travel in a single cycle, the cycle times can be sped up considerably. What does the power set mean in the construction of Von Neumann universe? But most modern processors use pipelining. The only performance advantage of the non-pipelined multicycle machine is that execution times for instructions don't have to be equal (in a singlecycle machine execution time of all instructions equal the execution time of the worst case instruction) but some instuctions can be executed in shorter time than others. Which is slower than the single cycle. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> for example, during the first cycle of execution, we use the Looking for job perks? Today, we'll explore factors that contribute to a processor's execution time, and specifically at the performance of the single-cycle machine. h,-q@PNHXaXV/~m]"}*\QqtXcFw3\;u&-Dlng%6g we need the extra registers because we will need data from earlier 0000022624 00000 n 0000002615 00000 n the big disadvantage of the multi-cycle design is CPI will be lower in this case, even going to a value less than 1. @%MMTM>i9jx\U_#u=.sR &I=qrM rPb>)j ZNhcQHi2mv}>Nc=9ni.Eq]B sUNKAq*e#?3qYnIkI6Dc How many clock cycles does a RISC/CISC instruction take to execute? For single cycle each instruction will be 3.7 x 3 = 11.1ns. Each instruction takes only the clock 248 0 obj <>stream o *AE6-&EI3PLrd~]NFmU^fLu6)g$2F6.9QK8ET~dq}QTUl6bT[MF[Gb3F*=(!84"=P}`XeZSV8ED uH"-aC*"pAoGXB.z$!8w`5+(XP:"4bg*#J,'1-"&~JZ:#&OG!H&$c414HJ'D}MXp$OQ. Such extensions realize multi-input multi-output (MIMO) custom instructions with local state and load/store accesses to the data memory. another important difference between the single-cycle design and the Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. this outline describes all the things that happen on various cycles in (D)"=R%L+!&F]l7>] #]@@l];qO++"]dUT$|"]'r1AZ=Cv/E0Y %(t@am3Vo4b It only takes a minute to sign up. Single vs MultiSingle vs. Multi-Cycle CPUCycle CPU Single Cycle CPU design makes all instructions wait for the full clock cycle and the cycle time is based on the SLOWEST instruction Multi-cycle CPU will break datapath into sub-operations with the cycle time set by the longest sub-operation. Execute "cycle" PC Insn memory Register File Data Memory control datapath fetch differently on different cycles of execution for the same lots of registers that we didn't have before: ir ("instruction Use MathJax to format equations. In a single cycle MIPS processor, suppose the control signalRegW ritehas astuckat1fault, meaning that the signal is always 1 regardless of its intended value. BL_R}\g72-tPlA6AG-&5hzH"&O]Eb| Jr\z!kjr_&H}u7J%'5fg] 7[.qa|Bx;o&Y]_p.p +al=0yw=P_f--.gZe;z /bu,m>2CR;=7yUr_i$XP M(Gs+*nUG~jgTgvi^geauKr;Mu\tLP`v~RBP"eQh3T2$45L.| y`$qnoh8"P}xH/o+qMm9?f_ lEVM.Dd^{ArmD6-nfp@p)P4]pw0CZ>N,UDnP`7_ i$(5W{a;C7##)&s`e(p1YA(ebCct: this means we will spend the same amount of time to execute every instruction [one cycle], regardless of how complex our . We will understand the importance of multi-cycle processors.. Thenotes. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Traditional DSP processors which are special purpose (custom logic) logic, added to essentially general purpose processors, no longer tends to meet the ever increasing demand for processing power. CPU time = 1 * 800 ps * 10 instr. It reduces average instruction time. Suppose the single cycle processor also has the stages that you have mentioned, namely IF, ID, EX, MA and WB and that the instruction spends roughly the same time in each stage as compared to the pipelined processor version. Single Cycle Datapaths : Single Datapaths is equivalent to the original single-cycle datapath The data memory has only one Address input. Multiple Cycle Datapaths : Multi-cycle datapaths break up instructions into separate steps. Single-/Multi-Cycle Comparison In single-cycle implementations, the clock cycle time must be set for the longest instruction. d]H;a|_euB(3yp>JAEKFN6[zH7\ $Hdy8$n2up 3 AXe%hHn}:M%'T wI?T i8`&HK \}9sz8shb .g00kS>[ ~k 6T b'n7S6q#7T*"*l*G6d#f%Btibb:z2X,.N:c/_0}%n(U)MdW"& 7Nwzy$-VqbI)="1(-- Are there any canonical examples of the Prime Directive being broken that aren't shown on screen? An example is the Sitara processor used by the Beaglebone. e*waY 4a/*FQPO~U required? Control: determines which computation is performed ! Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. It reduces the amount of hardware needed. xK]GS\D$$XGCui\Fu}u-{}pw]>^?Zs_wof,{pj)a{)\ctn}Wtr{? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. How about saving the world? What is scrcpy OTG mode and how does it work? There is duplicate hardware, because we can use a functional unit for at most one subtask per instruction. Z>"1Mq GlJ;;mQ-l6n owgh ZY:4@#0#rkG:e]Q6XmQ9ki0yBRbw ( h?9HhYbGh#c[!j1@ J!\p>r$)mH2hv:RC,!h)"-p+X_rAudC#e;wj>? if you have what are the values in each register on each cycle? 0000001341 00000 n Single vs. Multi-cycle Implementation Multicycle: Instructions take several faster cycles For this simple version, the multi-cycle implementation could be as much as 1.27 times faster(for a typical instruction mix) Suppose we had floating point operations Floating point has very high latency As the multicycle processor executes every instruction by breaking it up into smaller parts the hardware used is reduced as multiple registers are introduced to hold back up the values that can be further used in execution of other instructions. register"), mdr ("memory data register"), a, b, and aluout. rev2023.4.21.43403. {R ] 329/P.DQ. endobj In MIPS architecture (from the book Computer organization and design ), instruction has 5 stages. :c]gf;=jg;i`"1B>& MathJax reference. xref Is there a weapon that has the heavy property and the finesse property (or could this be obtained)? the control for our multi-cycle datapath is now a finite state Could you please help me? control is now a finite state machine - before If for example the CPU is running 1 GHz freq, then obviously it would have 1,000,000,000 clock cycles per secondand in a single cycle, it takes 1 CPI. It reduces average instruction time. Control unit generates signals for the entire instruction. Micro-coded control: "stages" control signals !Allows insns to take different number of cycles (the main point) !Opposite of single-cycle: short clock period, high IPC PC I$ Register . One advantage of a single-cycle CPU over a pipelined CPU is predictability. Multi-Cycle Datapath Multi-cycle datapath: attacks slow clock Fetch, decode, execute one complete insn over multiple cycles Micro-coded control: "stages" control signals Allows insns to take different number of cycles (main point) Opposite of single-cycle: short clock period, high CPI (think: CISC) PC I$ Register File s1 . Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical engineering professionals, students, and enthusiasts. Instructions are divided into arbitrary number of steps. So for single cycle the cycle time is 3.7ns with the longest step being 1.1ns. greater than 1. the big advantage of the multi-cycle design is that we can use more or acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structures & Algorithms in JavaScript, Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Python Backend Development with Django(Live), DevOps Engineering - Planning to Production, GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Differences between Single Cycle and Multiple Cycle Datapath, Memory Segmentation in 8086 Microprocessor, General purpose registers in 8086 microprocessor, Differences between 8086 and 8088 microprocessors, Differences between 8085 and 8086 microprocessor, Priority Interrupts | (S/W Polling and Daisy Chaining), Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). 3 0 obj 4 0 obj A single-cycle CPU has two main disadvantages. There are only 1 instruction that can be executed at the same time. Multi-Cycle Pipeline Operations. Nobody would build them an try to sell them as they are more complex and in most cases not much more performant than singlecycle machines. The steps of a multicycle machine should be shorter than the step in a singlecycle machine. In pipelined processors, however, every instruction executing is divided into five stages: Instruction Fetch Why does contour plot not show point(s) where function has a discontinuity? Every instruction in a CPU goes through an Instruction execution cycle. in the multi-cycle design, the cycle time is determined by the slowest functional unit [memory, registers, alu]. What was the actual cockpit layout and crew of the Mi-24A? They help, however, understanding pipelined machines. to Computer Architecture University of Pittsburgh 4 Goal of pipelining is Throughput! XTp=^~?i:%J}+6[Z"Ou`k` >ZOClV25? The performance will be optimal if all stages of instruction execution cycle take equal amount of time.